ESPERIENZA ESTETICA E INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE
Cos’è la bellezza? E’ veramente un concetto da studiare solo riguardo a ciò che è soggettivo e aleatorio, oppure ci offre dei significati spiccatamente politici e sociali? E’ possibile, in una realtà in cui la tecnica, fredda e asettica, è separata da un abisso rispetto al “romanticismo” dell’attivismo politico, parlare di una efficace politica della bellezza?
Ma l’esperienza estetica, in effetti, non consiste in qualcosa di diverso rispetto alla gnoseologia (teoria della conoscenza) e ai problemi socio-esistenziali. L’esperienza estetica ha un pregio, nel momento in cui è vissuta pienamente: infrange la barriera fra fini e mezzi. Essa è formata da mezzi materiali, verbali, tecnici. Come tutto quanto. Però la percezione di essi, per qualche motivo, diventa un fine in sé, un piacere per il piacere. L’esperienza estetica è – non “rappresenta”, ma “è” – un fine che ricerchiamo perchè la combinazione di sensazioni nella quale ci trasforma è, in se e per se, pura soddisfazione, esperienza di senso che basta a se stessa e che, dunque, ci pone in armonia con il contesto circostante.
I motivi possono essere i più disparati, dipende dalla metafisica che scegliamo di supportare. Se ci consideriamo un frutto di un progetto superiormente definito, la bellezza è il momento in cui vediamo una manifestazione di certe forme ideali – che, quindi, fanno parte della nostra natura e la attirano – come direbbe un Platonista. Se ci troviamo a nostro agio con la teoria dell’adattamento all’ambiente, l’esperienza del bello richiama degli input e degli algoritmi che ci fanno sentire bene perchè hanno favorito la nostra proliferazione e, quindi, percepiamo come benefici, confortevoli, pieni di senso – perchè per coincidenza, passo dopo passo, dei nostri antenati si sono biologicamente trovati a percepirli così e perchè, per coincidenza, essi sono stati utili per la sopravvivenza. Ma che ciò sia un puro caso non conta: la bellezza riflette ciò che ci fa sentire “entusiasti col mondo”. La tonalità emotiva verso qualcosa esiste perchè si è dimostrata utile per l’adattamento. La tendenziale preferenza per la visione di una giornata di sole e per un bel viso – ma anche ad esempio per la dolcezza di carattere – ha chiare radici “evolutive”. Ha un forte valore pragmatico e quindi politico, se la politica ha lo scopo di massimizzare la felicità.
Non a caso il filosofo pragmatista Americano John Dewey (per esempio, nella sua famosissima opera Esperienza e Natura, 1925) indicava nell’arte uno dei momenti in cui si realizza, appunto, «l’equilibrio tra esperienza concepita in senso lato e la natura circostante», sviluppando una tesi simile a quella sopra richiamata. Interessante il fatto che, per Dewey, la concezione estetica dell’esperienza ci indica che i classici metodi di conoscenza – l’induzione, che dal particolare risale a principi universali e la deduzione, che fa l’opposto – consistono in astrazioni – di dati di fatto presunti come esistenti in se stessi prima della nostra interpretazione o di categorie del soggetto indipendenti dal nostro contesto – che non fanno giustizia al modo in cui sviluppiamo il nostro adattamento strumentale e le nostre preferenze, che è un modo estetico, organico. E’ chiaro che l’intero senso dell’idea di “conoscenza” viene così messo in discussione.
Ma se la filosofia della conoscenza classica non rende necessariamente giustizia ai nostri bisogni esistenziali, lo fa almeno la nostra “filosofia sociale”? Sì e no: se una persona vuole investire per crearsi un lavoro oppure per acquistare una casa deve avere a che fare con delle istituzioni cristallizzate che sono sì frutto dell’aspirazione estetica dei singoli uomini in interazione fra loro, però sono anche oggettivate e si comportano in un modo che gli uomini non controllano più. Diventano un dato esterno scollegato dalla volontà delle persone agenti, le quali possono al massimo tentare di trarre una induzione di leggi universali, alle quali adattarsi passivamente, da dati scollati tra loro.
Questi enti si rapportano a noi tramite un meccanismo di conoscenza “classico”, e noi non siamo più capaci di prendere in mano la situazione per rivendicare la pienezza estetica e la bellezza che vogliamo esperire da una situazione. Diveniamo degli ingranaggi. Osserviamo ad esempio il mercato del credito e del lavoro. Come si determina la scelta di investire da parte di un’azienda e, quindi la scelta di fare o offrire un lavoro? Tramite un meccanismo di azzardi e convenzioni che crea una struttura “indipendente” che si sviluppa con una propria “vita”.
Pensiamo ad una grossa azienda che vende caffè e ottiene un primo successo. Il fatto di vedere migliaia di clienti assidui spinge anche chi non era in primo luogo interessato a diventare a sua volta cliente – per assecondare l’aspettativa che gli altri hanno della sua identità ed essere “accettato”, o per semplice fiducia. Gli investitori vedono aumentare ulteriormente la clientela e decidono quindi di investire ulteriormente in pubblicità, nuovi stabilimenti, franchising. Senza per forza investire in qualità o, addirittura, abbattendo i costi per essa. Ma ciò non conta più. Il prodotto ottiene una commercializzazione enorme e il meccanismo delle preferenze auto-incentivantesi si allarga quindi ancora di più. Anche se i gusti dei clienti sarebbero massimizzati diversamente. Anche se il prodotto diviene scarso. E così via, circolarmente. Keynes usava un esempio simile per descrivere il meccanismo della formazione dei prezzi nel mercato azionario. L’oggettività è in questo caso solo una creazione di aspettative arbitrarie (come nella teoria dei giochi). E il tentativo di massimizzare la sua bellezza ai nostri sensi è compromessa: noi ci adattiamo e basta.
Ma cosa ci riserva il FUTURO? Lo sviluppo degli automatismi e dell’intelligenza artificiale saranno il colpo di grazia e ci renderanno completamente in funzione di tecnologie indipendenti da quelle che sarebbero le nostre autentiche gioie estetiche? Oppure porteranno all’estremo il nostro godimento puro della vita, senza più l’ansia e la fatica del lavoro?
Lo storico e filosofo israeliano Yuval Noah Harari nel suo libro e best-seller Homo Deus: a Brief History of Tomorrow ha proposto una visione radicale dello sviluppo tecnologico. Le sue tesi sono chiare e pungenti:
- Noi esseri umani siamo degli algoritmi imperfetti formati casualmente dall’evoluzione (come accennato prima).
- L’intelligenza artificiale sarà capace di creare un sistema di dati talmente completo e veloce che conoscerà e prevederà i nostri bisogni e desideri molto meglio di noi e dei nostri vicini.
- Al contrario della rivoluzione industriale e del terzo settore, nelle quali le macchine non sostituivano le capacità emotive e cerebrali degli individui, l’intelligenza artificiale sarà capace di interpretare gli algoritmi e i processi biochimici in cui l’emotività consiste e, perciò, causerà la reale sparizione della maggior parte dei lavori attuali.
Harari fa diversi esempi, come quello della sostituzione dei conducenti di auto non solo con piloti automatici, ma con un sistema universale coordinato che piloterà in maniera centralizzata ogni auto sulle strade, dopo l’impostazione delle rispettive mete. Le auto non saranno più, tra 30 o 40 anni, entità indipendenti e quindi il rischio di comportamenti avventati, illegali, indecisi e rischiosi sarà annullato.
Per quanto riguarda la medicina, poi, Harari cita l’esempio più famoso – IBM Watson Health, che sta già trasformando il settore sanitario grazie alla potenza dei dati e degli insight cognitive – e mostra le impressionanti differenze che un “dottore artificiale” apporterà sia nella modalità di diagnosi che nell’economia relativa alla medicina. Watson, prima di tutto, non necessiterà di un paziente che chieda di essere visitato. Esso – tramite la mole inimmaginabile di dati sulla storia medica di tutti i pazienti del mondo e grazie a sensori biomedici situati fuori e dentro i tessuti dei suoi utenti – sarà capace di intervenire prima che l’individuo manifesti i sintomi di un malessere. Tramite un’app, Watson potrà essere un dottore presente ovunque ed in qualsiasi momento in maniera quasi gratuita, in qualsiasi ambiente naturale e contesto economico. Di più: anche ipotizzando costi altissimi per il suo perfezionamento, una volta che questo è attuato corrisponderebbe alla creazione di una infinità di dottori – una prospettiva totalmente diversa rispetto ad ora, in cui per formare un solo medico occorrono circa 10 anni e alti costi. Onnisciente riguardo a qualsiasi malattia della storia, privo di vuoti di memoria, di stanchezza, di titubanze e stress, Watson è capace di capire i nostri sentimenti e avrà accesso ad ogni dato proveniente dal nostro corpo.
Questo quadro è estremamente esplicativo per comprendere la rilevanza che l’intelligenza artificiale avrà sulla nostra esperienza del reale, rendendoci “ultra-uomini” nel senso di uomini che hanno sorpassato i confini degli algoritmi organici come unico strumento per comprendere e determinare il loro agire.
Eppure per decidere se questa prospettiva potrà chiamarsi una reale “coincidenza ed equilibrio tra esperienza e natura”, se realmente consisterà in una massimizzazione del nostre benessere percettivo ed emotivo, delle nostre emozioni positive, dobbiamo sempre concentrarci su delle CONDIZIONI.
Queste condizioni sono quelle di superare il modello sociale alienante descritto nell’esempio dell’azienda di caffè sopra, e di superarle nel momento in cui questo immane salto tecnologico viene progettato e messo in atto! Nessun sistema di intelligenza artificiale potrà “servire” i desideri più profondi del maggior numero di persone se progettato da compagnie, o individui, diversi e in competizione fra loro e ignoranti delle reciproche motivazioni: la conoscenza dei dati di un device come Watson presuppone il “monopolio” di essi, visto che l’”oggettività” dei dati dipende dalle scelte dei singoli individui – o devices – e delle interazioni fra queste. Senza un impegno organico e generale il risultato sarebbe ancora un meccanismo non prevedibile dalla mera somma delle parti e che si sviluppa irrazionalmente con una “vita propria”. Nessun tipo di intelligenza artificiale, d’altronde, potrà servire le nostre aspirazioni estetiche se monopolizzato da pochi investitori. La cosa più avvilente e spaventosa che un mondo digitalizzato possa offrire è una società di individui le cui scelte e desideri sono influenzate allo scopo di arricchire i pochi.
Come si vede, il confine tra paradiso dei sensi, fra apoteosi della bellezza del vivere ed inferno alienante è flebile, impreciso. E’ incredibilmente in funzione del successo di un potere democratico trasparente e realmente rappresentativo delle istanze di tutte le fasce sociali, un potere che dovrà disciplinare, coordinare e supervisionare il perfezionamento di questo balzo evolutivo.
Una democrazia partecipativa e collaborativa marcherà la differenza fra una malfatta parodia di Matrix ed un Kantiano “regno dei fini” il più possibile realizzato, nel quale le sole preoccupazioni degli esseri umani saranno come rendere ogni giorno il proprio entusiasmo e piacere estetico più interessante ed accattivante – nel quale la vita si svolgerà tra brevi e poco dispendiosi mestieri per supervisionare il funzionamento dei sistemi IA e lunghe situazioni di gioco, messe in scena artistiche, sport, costruzioni e decostruzioni di nuove identità e stili decorativi della nostra esistenza.
Un mondo in cui la differenza concettuale tra scienza e arte sarà irrilevante e immotivata, come anche quella tra arte e politica. La preoccupazione estetica impone l’organicismo, contro gli ostacoli dell’oggettivazione istituzionale che ci aliena da noi stessi.
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